A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.

It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6

練習：

1. The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT ______________________ according to the passage.

A child maltreatment is a global problem

B there is no exact data about low- and mid-income countries

C there is a shortage of the professional data collectors

D different scientists use different research methods

2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.

B 25-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused.

C 25-50% of children were psychologically abused.

D 60-75% of children were neglected by their parents.

3. Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT __________________ according to the passage.

A drowning in swimming B diarrhea

C bums D falls

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment?

A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up.

B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems.

C Child maltreatment damages his early brain development.

D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood.

5. The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT _________________ according to the passage.

A they frequently and easily cry

B they are in infant's or in adolescent period

C they are often neglected by their parents or friends

D they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parents

第二十四篇 遏制虐待兒童現象

虐待兒童是一個全球問題，它會嚴重影響兒童的一生。由于缺乏很多國家虐待兒童的數據，尤其是中低收入國家的數據，目前對于兒童虐待在全球蔓延的成都， 我們還未能獲得可靠的數據。

虐待兒童的研究很復雜，很困難。當前，各個國家大概的相關數據差別很大，而且使用的研究方法不同也會得出不同的估值。但是，國際研究顯示，大約有20%的女性和5%-10%的男性稱自己在童年遭到性虐待，而所有兒童的25%-50%都稱自己曾受肉體上的虐待。除此之外，很多兒童受到情感虐待（有時又成為心理虐待）。

每年，有大約31,000名15歲以下兒童遭到謀殺，但是由于很大一部分由兒童虐待造成的死亡被錯誤地歸因于墜樓、燒死或溺死，所以這一數據不能反映出這一問題真正的嚴重程度。

虐待兒童會給兒童和其家人帶來持久的傷痛。虐待會造成壓力，而壓力會干擾兒童早期的大腦發(fā)育。高度壓力會損傷神經和免疫系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育。之后，兒童長大成人，但是他們在行為、生理以及心理方面出現疾病的危險性大大增加。通過行為和心理上對健康的影響，虐待又會導致心臟病、癌癥、自殺以及性傳播疾病。

兒童虐待除了會造成健康問題，還會造成經濟損失，包括住院費用、心理治療費用、兒童福利和長期的醫(yī)療費用。

人們已經明確了造成兒童被虐待的大量風險因素。并不是所有的社會文化背景都包含這些風險因素，但是至少停工了一個風險因素概況，可以幫助理解兒童被虐待的成因。

有一點很重要，需要強調：兒童是受害者，而且絕不應該怪他們。不過，有幾大特征會增加兒童受虐待的可能性，這些特點包括：4歲以下或者處于青春期、不受歡迎、不能滿足父母的期望、有特殊需求、不?？摁[或是身體有異常。

+第三十四篇 Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance

The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment (multi-drug resistant bacteria), so pose particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

An article published in 7"he Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost/all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3 (antimicrobial resistance), and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.

While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.

Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical industry, and international agencies.

WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.

Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce- transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.

WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.

練習：

1. Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest?

A The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.

B The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past, so the researchers are more interested.

C The antibiotics for multi-drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industry.

D The antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of the multi-drug resistant bacteria.

2. Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases?

A The issue of AMR led the scientists to be alert to the new human gene.

B A new drug will be soon available for any multi-drug resistant bacteria.

C A new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.

D AMR aroused the awareness of the scientists to the infections caused by the antibiotics.

3. Who of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR?

A Those who use antibiotics.

B Those who sell antibiotics.

C Those who produce antibiotics.

D Those who study in universities.

4. All the following recommendations to the governments from WHO is true EXCEPT

A education to the users of .antibiotics.

B control on the use of antibiotics in health facilities.

C introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.

D limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they can use.

5. What can you infer from the passage?

A WHO can only recommend the governments to control and prevent the transmission of multi- drug resistant organisms.

B Even with the new strains against the existing antibiotics, the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms is still under control.

C Without the support from WHO, no country can be safe in the war against the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms.

D WHO will spare no effort in antimicrobial resistance in 2010 and will set a special day for it in 2011.

第三十四篇 警惕抗菌藥物的耐藥性

微生物引發(fā)感染后需要藥物治療，但是這些微生物漸漸對特效藥產生了抗藥性。細菌的抗藥性逐漸成為全球關注的公眾衛(wèi)生事件。一些細菌通過改變自身機理，對許多用于治療感染的抗生素藥物產生了抗藥性（這就是所謂的“多重耐藥菌”），從而使治療變得很棘手，因為在治療過程人們只有很少的選擇，甚至已經沒有選擇。這些問題成為一個日趨嚴重的全球性公眾健康問題。世界衛(wèi)生組織建議各國應準備實施醫(yī)院感染控制措施，以限制多重耐藥菌的種類，并加強全國性政策謹慎使用抗生素以減少耐藥菌的產生。

2010年8月11日刊登在《柳葉刀-傳染病》期刊上的一篇文章中提到一種基因，這種基因可以是多種類型的細菌對幾乎所有的抗生素產生極強的耐藥性，引起了世人對AMR（即“耐藥性”），尤其是對多重耐藥菌感染的關注。

多重耐藥菌不是新生細菌，并且還會不斷出現，這就需要對其實施監(jiān)控和深入研究，以便了解多重耐藥菌傳播的范圍和方式，從而采取有效手段進行防控。

這就要求人們提高對細菌耐藥性的警惕，并且消費者、醫(yī)院管理人員、病人、政府、藥品生產企業(yè)以及國際機構都要采取適當的行動。

世界衛(wèi)生組織強烈呼吁各國政府在以下領域采取集中控制和防御措施：AMR監(jiān)管，抗生素合理使用，對公眾及醫(yī)務人員正確使用抗生素的教育，立法限制非處方購買抗生素以及感染的預防和控制措施，包括洗手這種方法，尤其是在醫(yī)療界。

對多重耐藥菌的成功防控已經在許多國家得到了證實，只要能夠系統(tǒng)地運用，現有的預防和控制手段可以有效地減少多重耐藥菌的傳播。

世界衛(wèi)生組織將一如既往地支持各國實施相關措施，并協調所有國際努力，與細菌耐藥性進行斗爭。耐藥性將成為2011年世界健康日的主題。

答案：衛(wèi)生類

第三篇

1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B 5．D

第十八篇

1．C 2．B 3．D 4．A 5．C

第二十四篇

1．C 2．B 3．B 4．A 5．D

第三十四篇

1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D 5 B